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At its core, the concept of parallel EVM revolves around optimizing the execution process of transaction states, with the ambitious goal of achieving a staggering 10,000 transactions per second (TPS). The underlying technology behind this impressive feat lies in the realm of specialized databases, developer friendliness, delayed consensus execution, and superscalar pipeline techniques, all working in harmony to enable parallel processing of large-scale transactions. This approach shares fundamental similarities with Artela's concept of elastic computing and asynchronous I/O operations.

Somnia and Monad stand as the two leading projects in the parallel EVM sector. Although both are designed to enhance trade throughput, their technical strategies are markedly different. Monad achieves 10,000 TPS while remaining compatible with Ethereum by employing Optimistic Parallel Execution and a deferred execution mechanism. On the other hand, Somnia has reengineered its storage layer at the lot level using its proprietary IceDB storage engine, combined with a multithreaded parallel architecture, to support industrial-scale loads surpassing 1,000,000 TPS. In summary, Monad optimizes the ordering and processing of the execution flow, while Somnia has effectively removed the physical storage I/O bottleneck.

Somnia’s ability to reach millions of TPS is driven by a fundamental overhaul of the EVM stack, centered on the IceDB storage engine and a parallel execution engine. IceDB is a purpose-built database for blockchain applications that eliminates the read/write bottlenecks found in traditional databases like LevelDB when managing large-scale status. This is achieved by optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree (SMT) structure and minimizing disk I/O latency. Paired with a multithreaded parallel execution engine, Somnia can allocate independent trades across multiple CPU cores for concurrent processing.

On December 6, the price of BTC plummeted from $99,000 to $91,111 within one hour. However, BTC quickly rebounded and has now risen to around $95,781. The total liquidation amount across all contracts on the network reached approximately $1.007 billion. Due to BTC's sharp price spike, a large number of long positions were liquidated, totaling $806 million. Among them, Bitcoin had the largest liquidation volume, reaching 537 million USDT. Bitcoin's annualized premium reached 20%, the highest level in 8 months. The total value locked (TVL) in DeFi reached $202.7 billion, setting a new all-time high. Donald Trump has appointed David O. Sacks as the White House Director for Cryptocurrency and Artificial Intelligence.

The historical growth issue in Ethereum scalability highlights that the accumulation of new blocks and transactions is the biggest bottleneck. Historical growth is limited by network I/O and node storage space, differing from state growth issues. The article mentions that although the Dencun hard fork introduced blobs to slow down historical growth, it remains a challenge. The EIP-4444 proposal suggests that each node should only keep one year of history, significantly reducing storage burden and stabilizing storage needs.

$JENNA (JENNA) is a Social Onchain Intelligence Agent (S.O.C.I.A) that integrates AI, blockchain analytics, and decentralized trading within the Solana ecosystem.

Odaily Planet Daily reports that Gate, the digital asset trading platform, will launch its first Pre-IPOs project, SpaceX (SPCX), and open the asset subscription channel prior to listing.

Tether is redirecting its $180 billion in reserves from U.S. Treasuries toward physical gold, having brought on board Vincent Domien, HSBC’s Global Head of Metals Trading, and Mathew O’Neill, EMEA Head of Precious Metals Issuance. Their aim is to establish a vertically integrated supply chain encompassing trading, logistics, storage, and mining investments.

This week, Gate Research has curated a selection of noteworthy projects, including the Sonicx TikTok Mini App Web3 application, the Lisk Ethereum Layer 2 network, the Sui ecosystem domain project SuiNS, the Nodepay decentralized bandwidth-sharing network, and the SynFutures decentralized derivatives exchange. Each project is analyzed in detail, covering its core features, ecosystem advantages, airdrop activities, and participation methods. This selection aims to help users seize new market opportunities in a timely manner.

This research piece provides an overview of parallel design architectures for blockchains, using three relevant examples: Solana, Sei, and Monad. It highlights the differences between optimistic and deterministic parallelization and examines the nuances of state and memory access across these chains.

Monad is a high-performance EVM blockchain that utilizes the Monad BFT consensus protocol and parallel execution technology to enhance scalability and transaction speed. Sei V2 is an upgraded version of the Sei network, supporting backward-compatible EVM smart contract porting and Optimistic parallelization. Eclipse is a next-generation Optimistic Layer 2 solution that integrates Neon EVM for full EVM compatibility, aiming to address Ethereum's scalability challenges. Despite skepticism, Eclipse merges the advantages of Ethereum and Solana, supporting DApp-specific Layer 3 Rollups, and has strong competitive potential. Long-term success depends on attracting developers and building a robust community.

NEST Protocol is a decentralized Oracle network that uses a unique "quote mining" mechanism to synchronize off-chain data with on-chain data without needing a central authority. NEST Protocol provides efficient and decentralized price information for various applications, including decentralized exchanges, financial derivatives, Metaverse, GameFi, and more, aiming to improve the transparency and reliability of decentralized finance.

In this article, the key role played by ZK technology is illustrated through four examples: DEX, Oracle, voting, and auctions.

Pharos Network is a modular high-performance Layer-1 blockchain, featuring 50K TPS, a dual virtual machine architecture, and an innovative consensus mechanism. This article comprehensively analyzes its scalability, interoperability, and security, covering the execution engine, consensus design, SPN framework, and storage system, revealing how it supports the underlying infrastructure for the integration of AI and DeFi applications.

Benjamin Funk, the researcher of the crypto investment institution Archetype, attributes the execution layer's bottleneck to inefficient state access and computation. He has evaluated the design choices made by integrated and modular execution environments in achieving higher performance and expanding the range of on-chain applications.